What is Diabetes?
Diabetes is a medical condition in which the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood becomes too high. The body needs glucose for energy, and we get it from foods like rice, bread, and fruits. A hormone called insulin helps glucose move from the bloodstream into the body’s cells. These cells then use the glucose to produce energy needed for daily activities.
In people with diabetes, the body either does not produce insulin or does not use insulin effectively. As a result, glucose remains in the blood instead of reaching the cells. If left untreated, high blood sugar over time can cause serious health complications, including damage to the eyes, kidneys, heart, nerves, or feet.
Here are the various types of Diabetes:
1
Type I DiabetesAn autoimmune condition where the body attacks insulin-producing cells.
2
Type II DiabetesLinked to insulin resistance, often influenced by lifestyle.
3
Gestational DiabetesOccurs during pregnancy, usually temporary.
4
Neonatal Diabetes MellitusIt is a rare form of diabetes diagnosed in infants under six months. Genetic mutations usually cause it.
5
Maturity Onset Diabetes of the YoungAlso called MODY, it is an unusual, inherited form of diabetes that appears in adolescents or young adults due to a single gene mutation.
6
Secondary DiabetesDiabetes arising from another medical condition or as a side effect of certain medications.
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What Is Type II Diabetes?
Type II Diabetes, or T2D, is a common chronic condition in which the body cannot properly use insulin. Insulin helps the body control sugar in the blood. When insulin doesn’t work well, sugar levels stay high, and that’s dangerous.
However, it is not to be confused with Type I Diabetes. In Type I, the body makes no insulin at all. In Type II, your body either doesn’t make enough insulin or doesn’t use it correctly.
Type II Diabetes happens over time. It usually develops slowly and primarily affects adults, but young people can get it, too.
It means insulin is not working correctly. Either your body doesn't make enough insulin, or your cells stop responding to it.
What Are The Common Causes Of Type II Diabetes?
The Common causes include:
1
Family historyIf a close family member has diabetes, your chances of developing it are higher. This is because certain genetic traits that affect how your body handles insulin can be passed down through families.
2
Obesity or inactivityBeing overweight, especially around the abdomen, makes it harder for your body to use insulin properly. A sedentary lifestyle also increases the risk of insulin resistance, which leads to higher blood sugar levels.
3
Poor sleepNot getting enough quality sleep can interfere with your body’s ability to manage blood sugar.
4
High-stress levelsLong-term stress causes the body to release hormones like cortisol, which can raise blood sugar levels. It can also lead to unhealthy habits such as poor eating, lack of exercise, or disturbed sleep—all of which contribute to the risk.
5
Ageing (usually over 35)Risk increases with age, especially after 35. The body’s ability to use insulin efficiently may be reduced with age, especially when combined with less physical activity or a poor diet.
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What Are the Types of Type II Diabetes?
Not all cases of Type II Diabetes are the same. The two main types are based on how your body fails to manage insulin. Though broadly classified under Type II, it has two patterns:
Insulin Resistance: Insulin ResistanceIn this case, your body still makes insulin, but your cells don’t respond to it. The sugar stays in your blood instead of going into the cells for energy. Over time, this makes your sugar levels go up.
Beta-Cell Dysfunction: Here, the problem starts in your pancreas. The cells that make insulin don’t work properly. They make less insulin than your body needs. With less insulin, the sugar in your blood stays high.
Some individuals may experience both insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. In such cases, one condition may begin first, followed by the development of the other over time.
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How Is Type II Diabetes Diagnosed?
Type II Diabetes doesn’t always show strong signs at first. That is why doctors use blood tests to check if your sugar levels are too high. These simple and safe tests help determine if your body is managing sugar properly. Early testing enables you to start care before problems grow bigger. These tests are quick and help detect diabetes early, before it can cause any damage.
Insulin Resistance: Insulin ResistanceIn this case, your body still makes insulin, but your cells don’t respond to it. The sugar stays in your blood instead of going into the cells for energy. Over time, this makes your sugar levels go up.
HbA1c (Glycated Haemoglobin Test): This test shows your blood sugar level over the last 3 months. A result of 6.5% or more usually means diabetes. It helps doctors see your long-term sugar pattern.
OGTT (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test): You drink a sweet liquid, and your sugar level is checked after 2 hours. If your level is over 200 mg/dL, it means your body cannot handle sugar well—this points to diabetes.
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What Are The Symptoms Of Type II Diabetes?
The signs of T2D appear slowly and can be easy to miss at first. People often don’t notice them until they become more severe.
Watch for:
1
FatigueFeeling extremely tired, even after a good rest, because your body isn’t getting enough energy from sugar.
2
Frequent urinationDue to the high sugar levels in your blood, you have to visit the bathroom more often, especially at night.
3
Increased thirstYou always feel thirsty because your body is trying to replace lost fluids from frequent urination.
4
Slow healingSmall cuts or bruises take a long time to heal because high sugar levels affect the body’s ability to repair itself.
5
Blurred visionStruggling to see clearly, as high blood sugar can cause eye swelling and affect vision.
6
Numbness in feetExperiencing tingling or a loss of feeling in your feet due to high blood sugar.
7
Dark skin foldsDark patches appear on the skin, often found on the neck or underarms, caused by insulin resistance.
Even if you notice just one or two of these signs, it’s a good idea to get tested for diabetes early.
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When Should You See A Doctor For Type II Diabetes?
Some people have no signs at all. Others may feel tired, hungry, or have blurry vision. Minor symptoms can turn into big problems if ignored. Starting treatment early can stop complications. Even if the symptoms are mild, it is important not to ignore them. Early treatment can help prevent serious complications.
Visit a doctor if you:
1
Feel tired oftenIf your body isn’t using sugar properly, you may feel exhausted, even after resting. It happens because your body isn't getting the energy it needs.
2
Visit the bathroom oftenToo much sugar in the blood makes the kidneys work harder to remove it, causing you to pee more often.
3
Feel thirsty or hungry oftenHigh blood sugar can cause swelling in the eyes, leading to blurry or unclear vision.
4
Have blurry eyesightHigh blood sugar can cause swelling in the eyes, leading to blurry or unclear vision.
5
Wounds heal slowlyWhen your body’s blood sugar is high, it doesn’t heal wounds as quickly. Small cuts or bruises may take longer to heal.
Disclaimer: You should always consult a doctor for a proper diabetes diagnosis and medical advice.
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What Is The Type II Diabetes Situation In India?
Diabetes is rapidly increasing in India, with over 101 million people currently affected. Although it primarily impacts adults, many are unaware of their condition until symptoms worsen. Alarmingly, even children are being affected. Poor dietary habits and a lack of physical activity are driving this rise. Recognising the risks is the first step toward protecting yourself.
Why is it rising fast?
1
High-carb dietsMany people consume too much sugar, white rice, and processed foods, which can lead to higher blood sugar levels.
2
Prolonged screen timeSpending long hours sitting and staring at screens can reduce physical activity, which negatively affects insulin sensitivity.
3
Little or no exerciseA sedentary lifestyle with little movement or exercise makes it harder for your body to manage blood sugar levels.
4
GeneticsIf diabetes runs in your family, your chances of developing it are higher.
5
Stress from urban lifeThe fast-paced, stressful urban lifestyle can cause hormonal imbalances that affect how your body uses insulin.
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What Are The Common Treatment Methods For Type II Diabetes?
Doctors recommend a combination of proper diet, physical activity, and medication to manage blood sugar. In some cases, insulin or tablets may be required. The goal is always to keep sugar levels within a healthy range.
Usual treatment methods include:
Sugar-lowering tablet: Helps lower blood sugar levels. Do not skip doses; medicines work only when taken regularly.
Insulin (when needed): Used if tablets don’t work enough.
Daily walks or yoga: Regular movement helps control sugar.
Weight loss: Even slight weight loss improves sugar control.
Low-sugar meals: Healthy meals keep sugar stable. Choose fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Avoid sugar and fried foods.
Track sugar levels: Use a home kit or go for regular blood tests.
Disclaimer: Treatment options and results can vary from person to person. It is advisable to consult your doctor for a personalised plan.
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What Are the Medicines Prescribed For Type II Diabetes?
There are various medicines available to help manage blood sugar levels. There are various medications available to help manage blood sugar levels. Your doctor will determine the most suitable option based on your individual needs. In some cases, insulin dosages for diabetes may also be required.
Metformin: A common tablet that lowers sugar levels and helps insulin work better.
Sulfonylureas: These help your body make more insulin.
DPP-4 Inhibitors: These keep sugar levels from rising after meals.
SGLT2 Inhibitors: These remove extra sugar through urine.
Insulin Injections: If tablets don’t help, insulin may be needed.
Disclaimer: Ensure to consult your doctor before starting or stopping any diabetes medicine.
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What Are the Complications of Type II Diabetes?
Uncontrolled sugar can harm many organs over time, which is why regular care is important. If not treated, diabetes can harm many parts of the body. However, early care and regular checkups can help avoid these problems.
1
Heart problemsDiabetes increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
2
Kidney damageHigh sugar can hurt your kidneys over time.
3
Eye issuesDamages the eyes over time. Diabetes may cause blindness if ignored.
4
Nerve damageYou may feel numbness or pain in your hands and feet.
5
Foot ulcersSmall wounds may not heal, leading to serious issues.
6
Higher infection ratesHigh sugar weakens your body’s ability to fight germs, so infections become more common.
Long-term diabetes complications can cost more than you realise.
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FAQs

  • Q1. Can Type II Diabetes be cured?

    Ans: No, it cannot be completely cured. But with the right care, it can be controlled effectively for life.

  • Q2. Is Type II Diabetes only in adults?

    Ans: No, children and teenagers can also develop Type II Diabetes, especially with poor lifestyle habits.

  • Q3. Can I eat sweets if I have diabetes?

    Ans: Yes, but in small amounts and occasionally. It’s important to balance it with a healthy diet and medicine.

  • Q4. Do I need to take medicine forever?

    Ans: Some people need lifelong medication. Others may reduce or stop it with proper diet, weight loss, and exercise.

  • Q5. Can stress increase diabetes?

    Ans: Yes, stress can raise your blood sugar levels. Managing stress is key to better diabetes control.

  • Q6. Will I have to take insulin?

    Ans: Not always. Many people manage with tablets, but insulin may be needed if sugar remains high.

  • Q7. Can I get health insurance for diabetes?

    Ans: Yes, many plans cover it. Just check the waiting period and what diabetes-related expenses are included.

  • Q8. Should I check my sugar daily?

    Ans: It depends on your treatment plan. Your doctor will tell you how often to monitor your blood sugar.

  • Q9. Can I exercise if I have diabetes?

    Ans: Yes, regular physical activity helps control sugar and improves overall health. Just avoid skipping meals before workouts.

  • Q10. Can diabetes cause weight loss?

    Ans: Yes, uncontrolled diabetes can cause the body to burn fat and muscle for energy, leading to weight loss.
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